完璧歸趙 (idiom)

Four days after I wrote “狐群狗黨” talking about my friend Spencer’s dog, Star’s missing, she returned. She was captured by a certain animal protection organization and her photo was posted online. Spencer not only has two dogs fight now, for he adopted a puppy during Star’s missing, but he’s expecting a litter of puppies!

When you retrieve something you’ve lost, we call it失而復得(shi er2fu4 de2). If something precious is returned intact, we’ll use the idiom 完璧歸趙(wan2 bi4 gui zhao4)

During Warring States Period 戰國時代(zhan4 guo2 shi2 dai4), (476BC to 221BC), King of state of Zhao got 和氏璧(he2 shi4 bi4), jade of He family, which was a very precious gem. Learning the news, King of state of Qin sent a letter to king of Zhao offering an exchange of the jade for 15 cities. King of Zhao was stuck in a dilemma. He had a doubt if he would get a fair deal since State of Qin was much stronger and its king was known for his ambition.

Someone recommended 藺相如(lin4 xiang4 ru2) as an ambassador to State of Qin to handle the deal. Lin asserted King of Zhao had to take the risk so that state of Qin wouldn’t have the excuse to invade state of Zhao.

After showing the jade to King of Qin, Lin observed that the king didn’t show any intention to keep his words, so he claimed that he’d like to show King of Qin a flaw on the jade and got back the jade.

Standing by a big pillar, Lin remarked that King of Zhao had neglected others’ opposition and taken his proposal to accept the deal because he believed that as a leader of a great state, king of Qin would keep his promise. But it seemed that he had been wrong. He showed an intention to hit the pillar and crash the jade after the speech.

King of Qin made a fake promise for fear that Lin should smash the jade. Detecting King of Qin’s real intention, Lin delayed the deal till five days later with an excuse but detached someone to send back the jade.

Instead of killing Lin, King of Qin let go of Lin. And the jade was returned to State of Zhao intact, which is why we use the idiom完璧歸趙 today. 完璧means the intact jade; 歸趙 returned to state of Zhao.

We also use the term to 完璧describe a virgin girl as in完璧之身(wan2 bi4 zhi shen), a body of intact jade. In terms of this, it’s not so proper to use the term 完璧歸趙 to this incident of Star’s coming back. For she’s now with puppies and we’re all looking forward to seeing them.

What if you give something but never get it back? We’ll say it’s 肉包子打狗, to hit a dog with dumpling stuffed with meat. It will end up 有去無回(you3 qu4 wu2 hui2), never getting it back.

完璧歸趙=完璧归赵

狐群狗黨=狐群狗党

失而復得=失而复得

有去無回=有去无回

狗腿 & 馬屁 (Animal)

Very often when we pass by our dog Prince, who’s lying prone idly with his legs spreading on the ground, we’ll watch his legs and say: “好大的狗腿！ (hao3 da4 de gou3 tui3)” –“How big his legs are!”

When we call someone 狗腿, it means that he’s a brown-noser, someone who gains favors, such as a promotion, a raise by kissing ass.

It is said that there once was a rich man who broke his leg. To please him, a servant offered to have his own leg cut and given to his master.

“What about your own leg?” asked the master.

“I can have a dog’s leg,” replied the servant.

“What about the dog’s leg?”

“Make him one out of mud.”

This is why a dog has to raise a hind leg when he pees—so that the leg made of mud won’t be washed off.

Besides狗腿, the horse is also used in describing the same act of kissing ass. Literally it means “patting the horse’s ass”—拍馬屁(pai ma3 pi4) People who are good at this are labeled as馬屁精(ma3 pi4 jing) .

But kissing ass doesn’t always succeed. Sometimes you think you’ll please someone by your 馬屁. Instead of pleased, however, this person just got annoyed because you play the trick wrong or he’s too smart to be fooled. We’ll say, instead of patting the horse in the ass, you pat it in the leg. 馬屁拍到馬腿上了(ma3 pi4 pai dao4 ma3 tui3 le)

Another dog-related term would be 狗嘴裡吐不出象牙(gou3 zui3 li3 tu3 bu4 chu xiang4 ya2), a dog’s mouth emits no ivory. You can never expect wise advice from a foolish man, or elegant talk from a filthy mouth.

Speaking of mouth, sometimes 烏鴉, crow, will be connected with it to be 烏鴉嘴. Chinese believe that crow cawing could be a bad sign and bring ill luck. So when someone says something unlucky that seems to be a curse, people might stop him by calling him a “craw’s mouth.” 烏鴉嘴

On the afternoon before Taiwan’s 921 Quake happened in 1999, I was informed that I would have some extra classes on the next day, which meant I would have 7 periods the next day. Learning this, I told my niece I wished the next day would be a day off. But there wouldn’t be any typhoon. “What about an earthquake?” It slipped out of my tongue. I didn’t mean it but that midnight, the 7.3-magnitute happened and claimed thousands of lives.

This is my personal experience of playing a烏鴉嘴, a very big one.

馬屁精=马屁精

狗嘴裡吐不出象牙=狗嘴里吐不出象牙

烏鴉嘴=乌鸦嘴

Divination (III) (Mystery)

5. 占星(zhan4 xing) Astrology:  In ancient China, astrology was also used to forecast a country or an emperor’s future. A lot of emperors had astrologers as their counselors. They monitored closely for the relative positions or movements of the celestial bodies.

It is also used as a form of fortune-telling for individuals. 紫薇斗數(zi3 wei2 dou3 shu4) is probably the most well-known system. It is the study of a person’s life based on the movement and location of the Zi Wei Star and other stars at the specific time the person was born.

6. 占夢(zhan mong4) Dream interpretation: Speaking of interpreting a dream, you have to know a book called 周公解夢(zhou gong jie3meng4), which consists of interpretations of seven kinds of dreams and is passed along with anonymous authors. As I know, it has nothing to do with the historic figure周公. But in the Chinese language, we often use the term “夢周公” (meng4 zhou gong) to refer to sleeping.  

7. 八字相命(ba zhi4 xiang4 ming4)  Four Pillars of Destiny: It’s telling one’s personality and fate by his 八字, “eight characters of birth time.” It’s called “eight characters” because each of the four pillars (representing the year, month, day, and hour of one's birth respectively) is represented by two characters. It shows the relative position of the sun when one was born. Philosophy of陰陽五行(yin yang2 wu3 xing2),Yin & Yang, the Five Elements (gold, wood, water, fire, earth) are utilized in telling one’s fortune here.   

8. 易經卜卦(yi4 jing bu3 gua4)：易經，the Classic of Changes, one of the oldest texts, contains a divination system. 八卦(ba gua4), referred to as "trigrams" in English, is eight diagrams used in Taoist cosmology to represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. The eight trigrams are extended into 64. One of the ways to divine is flip three coins to get different head -tail combinations, each of which represents one of the 64 trigrams. The trigram is interpreted according to易經as a prediction for the future.

9. Animal: Some people use animal to divine. For example, I’ve seen birds do the job. You ask a question then the bird picks up an answer for you. I heard that roosters are used too.  You might want to see this on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcS0AWB8wzA&feature=related  

A friend told me that by chance he once got a “book” of his destiny, which records important occurrences of his life. He read it until the part to the end of that year. He stopped there because he didn’t have the nerves to go on. Some event, though seen much unlikely when he was reading it, really came true later.

For thousands of years, people have been trying very hard to have a peep into the future. We’re always wondering what will happen tomorrow or further ahead, or sometimes we’re just too confused or too weak to decide which way to go. So we resort to an old mysterious way, divination.

I think it’s good to know the weather forecast as to decide what to wear or if you should go out with an umbrella. But foreseeing the future, like who you’re gonna marry or when you’re gonna die?

I think I’ll do the same if I should have the chance to get my “book” as the friend mentioned above. I don’t think I’ll open and read it. Like a Hong Kong science fiction novelist 倪匡(ni2 kuang) put in one of his novels, what is the fun of life if you live it like reading yesterday’s newspaper?

(THE END)

紫薇斗數=紫薇斗数

周公解夢=周公解梦

陰陽五行=阴阳五行

易經=易经

Divination (II) (Mystery)

My friends did not divine the way those Shang Emperors had. There’re many other ways to do it these days. I’ll give some as I’ve seen or heard.

1. In my previous writing “Bwa3-bui 跋杯” on 04/23/2011, I talked a lot about the practice of using a pair of crescent-shaped, wood or bamboo-made utensil to ask deities questions in the temples. This is one of the commonest ways to divine, often accompanied with the act of 抽籤(cho qian), lot drawing. Please refer to my old writing for the details.

2. 扶乩(fu2 ji):  Usually it’s a ritual practiced in the temple by someone who is “possessed” by a god or an immortal. The messages are conveyed through a spirit writing usually using a stick in sand or incense ashes. The characters have to be read and interpreted by someone who is capable of doing this. Long ago I’ve been to a ritual of this and watched it. I didn’t ask any questions, but I remember the process vividly. I picked up one from YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptzZ_2f-Kh8, though it’s not exactly the same as I’ve seen, it’s basically the same thing.

3. 相術(xiang4 shu4) Physiognomy: Fortune-tellers foretell someone’s future by watching his face, features, palm, figure, or 氣(qi4) . . , etc. Some even do this by watching his moles or feeling his wrist bone, which is called 摸骨(mo gu3) in Taiwan.  

4. 測字(ce4 zi4) Literomancy: The literomancer tells someone’s future by the Chinese character and the subject the client gives. To do this, you have to know a lot about the Chinese characters. I goolged and found an example like this, which I’m not sure about the authenticity but just give you an idea what literomancy is like:

Giving the word天(tian), a girl asks if she will marry her boyfriend that she’s been seeing for a couple of years. The literomancer gives a positive answer since the word can be separated into 二(er4), two and人(ren2), person. You put two persons together and it turns into 天. If you extend one of the strokes, 天turns into 夫(fu), which means husband.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

抽籤=抽签

相術=相术

氣=气

測字-测字

Divination (I) (Mystery)

Two friends of mine recently have tried divination respectively. One is indecisive if she should retire; the other wants to know if her husband should go to China for a career change.

A couple of weeks ago I read about how divination占卜(zhan bu3) and worship of ancestors had taken most of the time of China’s emperors in Shang Dynasty (1600 BC–1046 BC). With a gap of some three thousand years and Armstrong’s first step onto the moon, funny that divination is still with us. I’m not saying this judgmentally. I’m more of curious about this.

On a summer day of 1899¹, author and scholar 劉鶚(liu2 e4) went to a Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy in Beijing to get something for his friend Wang suffering from malaria. When the pharmacist was pounding the medicine, 龍骨(long2 gu3), dragon’s bones, which refers to fossils of mammals, such as elephants, rhinos, cattle, etc., Liu saw a certain script similar to Chinese characters on the bone.

Later Liu and Wang went around Beijing’s pharmacies and bought all the “dragon’s bones.” 1058 strange old characters, older than anything that had been known, were found on these bones.

Liu made public his discovery in 1903 with the book 鐵雲藏龜 (tie3 yun2 cang2 gui). Those characters found on the bones are called 甲骨文(jia3 gu3 wen2), Oracle bone script.

  (from Wikipedia)

For years (from 500 A.D.) farmers had dug out from a big mound in 小屯(xiao3 tun2), 河南(he2 nan2) “dragon’s bones” to sell to the pharmacies in town. Nobody had paid much attention to the script on them.

After a large-scale of digging, around 170 thousand bones have been found and some 5000 of them are with script on them. About 4500 characters have been labeled as甲骨文, one third of which were recognized and confirmed the meanings.

The bones, whatever beasts or turtles they’re from, are called 甲骨. The Shang Emperors believed that their ancestors’ souls were around the gods in heaven. Whenever they wanted to communicate with them, they use the bones to divine. They asked about wars, crops, dreams, the weather, . . . or presented their wishes to the ancestors by doing the ritual.

First they polished a bone from the cattle or a shell from the turtle, and carved concaved lines on it. They asked their questions loudly to the ancestors and put a burning hot branch into the concaved lines. The high temperature would crackle the shell making a sizzling sound, which was considered the “talk” of the bone.

Answers to the questions were found from the crackles the heat had made. The questions and answers were often inscribed on the bones or shells and stored.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

Note ¹ : The following description on 甲骨文is based on the book Tecknens Rike (China: Empire of Living Symbols) “漢字的故事” by Cecilia Lindqvist.

劉鶚=刘鹗

龍骨=龙骨

狐群狗黨 (Animal)

One of my friends lost his dog the other day when she rushed out of a pet shop on her first oestrus cycle. It’s a heartbreaking experience and he’s had a hard time getting over it.

Which reminds me of my own experience, when our dog ran away from home on her oestrus cycle. We had kept the dog ever since she was born. You didn’t have to leash her when walking her. She would always follow you back home when called.

But things were quite different when she was on her oestrus cycle. She just ignored us and ran away, staying outside with a gang of dogs. You saw her there but she wouldn’t come back no matter how hard you called.

Such a scene of our dog staying out with a gang of her species makes me realize why we use狐群狗黨(hu2 qun2 gou3 dang3) to describe a gang of villains getting together doing wrong. 狐, fox; 狗, dog; 群and黨both refer to a group or a party. The phrase literally means a group of foxes or dogs.

For example, one of your old friends is keeping bad company and you’d like to advise him to get away from them. You may say to him, “You’d better keep away from those 狐群狗黨 before you get into real trouble.”

Perhaps it’s dogs’ instinct to be together with their own species during a certain period. I just hope very soon my friend’s dog will leave her狗黨 and be back.

狐群狗黨=狐群狗党

狗咬呂洞賓 (xie houyu)

What does it mean when someone says「你這麼做真是狗咬呂洞賓」? “What you did is just like a dog biting Lǚ Dong-bin.”

L ǚ Dong-bin is one of the “Eight Immortals,” 八仙(ba xian) in the legend. It’s said that before Lǚ became one of the Eight Immortals, he was a scholar. He had a friend ,苟杳(gou3 mao3), who was orphaned and lived in poverty. Lǚ thought very highly of him. They became sworn brothers and Lǚ took Gou in, hoping he would study hard and become successful.

One day, a guest came to Lǚ’s and was impressed by Gou. He liked the young man so much that he’d like to marry his beautiful sister to him. Lǚ rejected for Gou in fear that it would distract him from his studies. Hearing about the beauty of the guest’s sister, however, Gou insisted on marrying the girl.

After long meditation, Lǚ said to Gou, “ I won’t stop you as long as the bride spends the first three nights with me.” Though reluctant, Gou nodded his head since he was dependent on Lǚ and even couldn’t afford the wedding.

On the wedding night, feeling humiliated, Gou hid himself away from the crowd. Lǚ enter the bride’s room, which was called 洞房(dong4 fang2), the “cave room” in ancient time, and just sat there reading without unveiling the bride. (It’s a traditional custom for the bride to wear a veil on the wedding day and be unveiled by the groom on the wedding night, which was very likely the first time the two met.)

The bride sat on the bed waiting and waiting until the middle of the night. The groom just wouldn’t go to bed, so the bride slept alone without changing. When she woke up in the morning, her husband had been gone. It went on like this for three nights in a row.

Three days later when Gou finally got to enter his room, he saw his bride crying. She asked, “Why did you just sit there reading, ignoring me for three consecutive nights and left me in the morning?” She looked at her husband, only to find a different face.

The couple then realized that Lǚ was urging Gou not to forget about his studies after getting married in this special way. Now they turned their resentment towards Lǚ into gratitude.

A few years later, Gou garnered success in the imperial exam and became a  high-ranking government official. The couple said goodbye to Lǚ and moved away for Gou’s position.

Eight years later, a fire broke out and burned down Lǚ’s house. He’d lost everything he had. He had no other choice but to go to Gou for help.

He went a long way and finally reached Gou’s place. His old friend treated with hospitality but mentioned nothing about helping. Lǚ stayed for several months but got nothing. Embarrassed and humiliated, he left without saying goodbye.

On arriving his hometown, Lǚ was surprised to see from a distance that his shabby cottage had turned into a new house. He was more surprised to see a coffin in the house and his way howling and mourning.

His wife was stunned to see him, thinking that she had seen a ghost.

The truth is, not long after Lǚ left his home, a gang of workers came to build a house and left when they were done. The day before yesterday, some came to inform Lǚ’s wife of Lǚ’s death. They left a coffin behind. That was why the whole family was mourning over his death.

Lǚ split the coffin with an ax and found a lot of gold and jewelry, along with a letter from Gou:

“I’m not someone ungrateful, who will ignore his friends in need. You had left my wife alone and brokenhearted for three nights, so I make your wife weep for you in return.”

The two were closer ever since. From the story came a Xiehouyu, "苟杳呂洞賓，不識好人心," Gou-mao and Lǚ Dong-bin mistake good guys for bad guys. Since Gou’s name pronounces like 狗咬(Gou3 yao3), it changes into today’s version.

Another saying is that Lǚ Dong-bin had once been bitten by a dog he was feeding. So the Xiehouyu is used to describe when someone bites the hand that feeds him.

Since I have the same surname as Lǚ Dong-bin, if my dog should bite me, I can certainly yell to him, “This is really狗咬呂洞賓!”

狗咬呂洞賓=狗咬吕洞宾

不識好人心=不识好人心